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Denali

  • 难度体系: US
  • 照片: 1
  • 攀登: 9
  • Aka: Mount McKinley
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总结

At 6,190m, "The Great One" is North America's tallest peak.

描述

North America's entry into the Seven Summits is Denali, formerly known as Mt McKinley and officially redesignated by it's traditional name as of 2015. Occupying the centre of the vast, epic grandeur of the Alaska Range, Denali towers above nearby peaks. With it's huge bulk and monolithic stature, it can even be seen from the city of Anchorage on a clear day. Owing to the range of route difficulties from long slogs to alpinism test pieces, Denali is an incredibly popular objective which sees hundreds of attempts yearly.

准入问题

There are strict permit procedures which climbers must adhere to in order to engage in an ascent of Denali. Applications must be made 60 days in advance. Information can be found at https://www.nps.gov/dena/planyourvisit/mountaineering.htm

前往

Approach is via air taxi from the town of Talkeetna. There are three main providers, Talkeetna Air Taxi, Sheldon Air Service and K2 Aviation.

住宿

Bring at least a basecamping setup of a sleeping tent and a cook tent (e.g. BD Mid). Parties looking at technical routes routes would like to have a light bivy tent as well.

行为准则

There are two main ethical concerns on Denali. The first pertains to LNT considerations. Pack it in, pack it out. You will be fined by the rangers for inadequate buried caches which have been uprooted by crows (this occurs even above heights of 5000m!) You will be issued a CMC (Clean Mountain Can) by the Park Service as part of your permit, which will assist you in proper toilet procedures. The second issue refers to campsites. You may camp anywhere on the mountain, however most climbers favour a specific set of camps along the West Buttress route. You may not reserve a camp, therefore any windwalls/fortresses that are vacant are fair game for any incoming party.

历史

历史时间线表

Famed explorer Dr. Frederick Cook claimed the first ascent of the mountain in 1906. His claim was regarded with some suspicion from the start, but was also widely believed. It was later proved false, with some crucial evidence provided by Bradford Washburn when he was sketched on a lower peak.

The first ascent of the main summit of Denali came on June 7, 1913, by a party led by Hudson Stuck and Harry Karstens. The first man to reach the summit was Walter Harper, an Alaska Native. Robert Tatum also made the summit. Using the mountain's contemporary name, Tatum later commented, "The view from the top of Mount McKinley is like looking out the windows of Heaven!" They ascended the Muldrow Glacier route pioneered by the earlier expeditions, which is still often climbed today. Stuck confirmed, via binoculars, the presence of a large pole near the North Summit; this report confirmed the Sourdough ascent, and today it is widely believed that the Sourdoughs did succeed on the North Summit. However, the pole was never seen before or since, so there is still some doubt. Stuck also discovered that the Parker-Browne party were only about 200 feet (61 m) of elevation short of the true summit when they turned back.

The mountain is regularly climbed today; in 2003, around 58% of climbers reached the top. But by 2003, the mountain had claimed the lives of nearly 100 mountaineers over time.[49] The vast majority of climbers use the West Buttress Route, pioneered in 1951 by Bradford Washburn,[11] after an extensive aerial photographic analysis of the mountain. Climbers typically take two to four weeks to ascend Denali. (from Wikipedia.org, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali)

线路

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Grade 线路
1 Alaska 2+
2 Class 3/4

The West Buttress has been derided as "the Denali Iditarod" or "the Scenic Loop." However, this is in context to Denali being fondly referred to as the "Mid-life Crisis Mountain" --- in 2011, the average age of a Denali climber was exactly 40 years old. While there is always some truth to nicknames, many people aspire to climb the West Buttress and the climb is undoubtedly considered as an exceptional mountaineering challenge. Nowhere in the world does one travel with so much gear over so much vertical in such a hostile environment. Although there are no technically difficult sections on the route, many stretches of "The Butt" leave very little margin for error (the lower glacier in warm conditions, Windy Corner, the Autobahn, Denali Pass, and the Summit Ridge). Furthermore, the West Buttress is just as exposed as any other route to Denali's legendary weather. Prospective climbers should be highly competent in travel on moderately steep snow/ice slopes and exposed traverses. (from summitpost.org)

首攀: Bradford Washburn, 1951

1 Alaska 4
2 AI3

For some Denali afficionados, the West Rib is the next step after completing the West Buttress or Karstens Ridge, but it represents a significant step up in skill and experience. The route involves moderate to steep snow as well as mixed snow and rock. The West Rib is a commiting route, but does offer retreat/escape points along the way. The West Rib offers steeper climbing and fewer crowds then its neighbor to the west. The Rib is not known for its technical challenges, but more for its sustained steepness and appeal for climbing on Denali's south face.

The West Rib offers two variations --- the Complete West Rib or the West Rib Cutoff. The complete Rib starts in the NE fork of the Kahiltna Glacier and is the most dangerous portion of the climb with respect to objective hazards (avalanche, crevasse). If conditions allow entrance into the NE fork, then a 9,000 ft ridge climb comprises the Complete West Rib. Most climbers choose to do the West Rib Cutoff, which ascends the standard West Buttress route until 14,200 ft. At 14,000 ft you leave the crowds of the West Buttress and traverse to the West Rib gaining the ridge at around 15,700 ft. You then ascent the upper ridge making one camp along the way.

首攀: Peter Sinclair, Jake Breitenbach, Barry Corbet & Bill Buckingham, 1959

1 Alaska 5
2 5.8
3 AI4

The Cassin Ridge is today considered a "50 Classic" of North America and was first climbed in 1961 by a group led by Italian alpinist Riccardo Cassin, for which the route is named. The Cassin Ridge rises 8000 feet from the very bottom of Denali's South face to within a few yards of the true summit of the mountain. Steep snow, ice, and mixed climbing make this one of the most sought-after big mountain alpine climbs in the world. Climbers completing the Cassin Ridge find themselves in a small fraternity of elite Alaska climbers. The route ascends the prominent ridge on the south face and is steep, demanding, and committing --- escape routes are few and far between. As a result, only the most experienced climbers will think of attempting it.

首攀: Ricardo Cassin, Luigi Airoldi, Luigi Alippi, Giancarlo Canali, Romano Perego & Annibale Zucchi, 1961

1 Alaska 3
2 Class 3/4

The Karstens Ridge/Muldrow Glacier was the route of first ascent and used to be the standard route before Bradford Washburn pioneered the West Buttress route. This route is similar in difficulty as the West Buttress, but receives far less traffic. Expeditions are, on average, a week longer than West Buttress trips because of the longer approach from Wonder Lake. More adventurous climbers will attempt "the Traverse," by ascending the West Buttress and descending Karstens Ridge or vice versa. The Traverse is more strenuous than doing either route alone because climbers must haul all equipment and supplies over Denali Pass whereas climbers doing one route or another typically cache equipment and supplies that are not needed higher up on the mountain.

首攀: Hudson Stuck, Walter Harper, Harry Karstens & Robert Tatum, 1913

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